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High Level Bridge
The High Level Bridge is a road and railway bridge spanning the River Tyne between Newcastle upon Tyne and Gateshead in North East England.
==Design==
Designed by Robert Stephenson and built between 1847 and 1849, it was the first major example of a wrought iron tied arch or bow-string girder bridge. It is a simple engineering solution to a difficult problem at the time it was built; the spanning of of river valley, including across water. The High Level Bridge has six river spans of length, sitting on masonry piers up to height. There are also four land spans on each side, of . The two-way single carriageway road (since reduced to a single one-way carriageway) and pedestrian walkways occupy the lower deck of the spans, above the high-water mark, and the railway is on the upper deck above the high-water mark. The total weight of the structure is .〔Charles Matthew Norrie (1956). ''Bridging the Years - a short history of British Civil Engineering''. Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd.〕〔George S. Measom, ''The Official Illustrated Guide to the Great Northern Railway'', 1861, Griffin Bohn, London〕
According to a contemporary encyclopedia:〔G. Long, editor. ''The penny cyclopædia'', 1863, Society for the diffusion of useful knowledge.〕
:Each river span is crossed by four main cast iron arched ribs, with horizontal tie bars. The roadway is situated between a pair of ribs some apart; and walkways are sited on either side of the roadway in a gap between the central and outside ribs. The upper, railway, platform, rests on the arches of the ribs, whilst the lower roadway is suspended from the ribs on wrought iron rods. Each arched rib was cast in five sections. Besides the tie-bars, the ribs are braced by horizontal and vertical bracing frames, while diagonal bracings are inserted in the spandrels, or spaces between the arches and the girders which carry the railway. On the tops of the spandrel pillars, girders extend length-wise, from which other stretch at right-angles across the arched ribs. The whole thus has a perfectly rigid character and is found to bear the heaviest weights without deflection.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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